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Introduction & Chapters 1–2 · Free online

The Anatomy of Option Pricing

Numerical Methods with Python

Understand how option prices are computed. Connect stochastic models and pricing formulas to algorithms, executable Python and results you can inspect. Read online and put the methods into practice with 6 Jupyter notebooks.

What makes it practical

  • Online explanations and 6 Jupyter notebooks
  • Equations beside the code that implements them
  • Small, explained pricing functions
  • Numerical figures and tables you can recreate
  • Experiments with convergence, bias and stability

Who it is for

Readers with basic probability, calculus and Python who want to understand option-pricing computations in practice.

How you learn

Read the explanations in the online book, inspect their implementation in a downloadable notebook, then change the inputs and compare the results.

What you compute

Option prices, Greeks, implied volatility and early-exercise boundaries using trees, simulation, PDEs and transform methods.

Two ways to explore option pricing

What you getOnline bookFree to readRead the online bookJupyter notebook collection€19.99 · One-time purchaseGet the notebooks
Explanations & resultsRead the concepts, equations, figures and tables in published chapters.Explore the same material in executable Jupyter notebooks.
Python codeSelected code is visible.Complete Python code, including the programs hidden in the online version.

Try the Chapter 1 notebook for free after registration.

Hands-on experimentsView the figures and calculated results in your browser.Run and edit the code, change parameters and recreate results. Supporting files and setup instructions are included. Requires Python 3.11 or later.
Chapters & releasesThe introduction and Chapters 1–2 are online now. Remaining chapters are coming soon.All 6 notebooks as they are released. Future chapters are included at no additional charge.
Learning supportStudy independently using the online explanations.Email support for questions about the concepts, numerical methods and Python notebooks.

Introductory price · Book in progress

Get the complete notebook collection

One purchase includes all 6 Jupyter notebooks in English and Chinese, the full code and supporting files, and every remaining chapter as it is released, at no additional charge.

Learn with support: your purchase includes email support for questions about the book’s concepts, numerical methods, and Python notebooks.

We are offering a low introductory price while the book is still being completed. Chapters 1 and 2 are available now; Chapters 3–6 will be added as they are released.

Your downloads will remain available under My purchases.

€19.99 one-time purchase

From model to computation

Open up the calculation behind the price

The book connects each numerical step to the formula it implements. You can inspect pricing functions, reproduce figures and tables, and compare numerical results with benchmarks. Changing tree steps, simulation paths, grid sizes or Fourier settings makes the sources of numerical error visible.

Equations beside code

Trace the calculation from the model assumptions to the algorithm and its Python implementation.

Results you can verify

Recreate numerical outputs, compare with benchmarks, and measure how accuracy changes as you refine the computation.

Six-chapter roadmap

From stochastic models to numerical pricing

Chapter 01 · Free online

Stochastic Processes & Risk-Neutral Pricing

Read Chapter 1 →

From observed return distributions to models, valuation and sensitivities.

  • Understand option payoffs, exercise styles and put–call parity.
  • Fit models to the distribution and tails of equity log returns.
  • Derive risk-neutral drift corrections from moment-generating functions.
  • Calculate Black–Scholes prices and Greeks; recover implied volatility and interpret its skew and surface.

Models: Geometric Brownian motion, Merton jump diffusion, Variance Gamma (VG) and normal inverse Gaussian (NIG).

Normal and NIG density fits to S&P 500 log returns
Normal and NIG fits to daily log returns.

Chapter 02 · Free online

Binomial and Trinomial Trees

Read Chapter 2 →

Discrete pricing with backward induction for European and early-exercise options.

  • Construct binomial and trinomial trees with risk-neutral transition probabilities.
  • Price European and American options by backward induction.
  • Estimate Delta and Gamma using standard and extended trees.
  • Explain odd/even step effects and improve convergence with smoothing and extrapolation.

Methods: Cox–Ross–Rubinstein, flexible binomial trees, binomial Black–Scholes trees, Boyle trinomial trees and Richardson extrapolation.

Recombining Boyle trinomial tree with up, middle and down branches
Three branches; recombining nodes.

Chapter 03 · Coming soon

Monte Carlo Simulation

Simulation-based pricing, variance reduction and estimators for sensitivities.

  • Simulate price paths under geometric Brownian motion, Merton, VG and NIG models.
  • Generate correlated assets and price European, spread, basket and Asian options.
  • Measure sampling error and reduce variance; compare ordinary and randomized quasi-Monte Carlo.
  • Compare Greek estimators and price American options through least-squares regression.

Tools: Cholesky factorisation, control variates, importance sampling, scrambled Sobol sequences and pathwise and likelihood-ratio Greeks.

1,024 Sobol quasi-Monte Carlo points on the left and pseudorandom Monte Carlo points on the right
1,024 points: Sobol (left), pseudorandom (right).

Chapter 04 · Coming soon

Partial Differential Equations

Grid-based pricing through finite-difference approximations to the Black–Scholes PDE.

  • Derive the pricing equation and transform it into the heat equation.
  • Set a finite grid, initial conditions and boundary values.
  • Compare time-stepping schemes, stability, price errors and Greeks.
  • Enforce American exercise constraints and locate the exercise boundary.

Methods: Explicit and implicit Euler, Crank–Nicolson, tridiagonal systems, successive over-relaxation and projected iteration.

American put free boundary separating the STOP exercise region from the HOLD continuation region
The boundary between exercise and continuation.

Chapter 05 · Coming soon

Saddlepoint Approximation

Distribution and tail-probability approximations built from cumulant-generating functions.

  • Construct generating functions and solve the saddlepoint equation.
  • Approximate densities and tail probabilities for continuous and discrete distributions.
  • Express option values through tail probabilities and changes of measure.
  • Apply pricing approximations to Merton, VG and NIG models; compare with exact results and Monte Carlo.

Methods: Daniels density correction, Lugannani–Rice tails, Rogers–Zane pricing and Carr–Madan saddlepoint pricing.

Three-dimensional saddle surface of the real part of the exponent near the saddlepoint
The exponent near its saddlepoint.

Chapter 06 · Coming soon

Fourier-Based Methods

Characteristic-function methods for fast pricing and controlled numerical error.

  • Build characteristic functions for Black–Scholes, Merton, VG and NIG models.
  • Recover densities and price European options with three Fourier methods.
  • Choose damping, frequency spacing, cutoffs and expansion terms.
  • Price Bermudan and American options by backward induction and extrapolation; compute Greeks across strikes.

Methods: Carr–Madan FFT, convolution (CONV) and Fourier–cosine (COS) expansion, with truncation, discretisation and periodicity errors.

COS and Carr–Madan absolute pricing errors as the grid size increases, for strike K=80
COS and Carr–Madan pricing-error convergence (K = 80).

Experiments you can run

Change a setting. Inspect the result.

01 · Tree steps

Compare prices from odd and even step counts and measure convergence.

02 · Simulation paths

Measure sampling error and the gain from variance reduction.

03 · PDE grids

Refine space and time and locate unstable settings.

04 · Fourier settings

Vary damping and frequency spacing and compare accuracy across strikes.

Python toolkit: NumPy, SciPy, pandas, Matplotlib and Jupyter.

FAQ

What knowledge do I need?

Basic probability, calculus and Python. The book connects the mathematical steps with their numerical implementation.

What can I read online now?

The introduction and Chapters 1–2 are free to read online. The remaining chapters are coming soon.

Does it cover early exercise?

Yes. Tree methods, least-squares Monte Carlo, PDE exercise constraints and Fourier backward induction cover American or Bermudan pricing.

How do I assess numerical accuracy?

Compare with benchmarks, measure Monte Carlo sampling error, and vary tree steps, PDE grids and Fourier settings to examine convergence and stability.

Can I download the notebooks?

Chapter 1 is free after registration. A one-time purchase of €19.99 includes the complete six-chapter notebook collection in English and Chinese, with supporting files and all remaining chapters as they are released.

How do I download Chapter 1?

Chapter 1 is free to download after registration. Sign in to choose the English or Chinese package.

Continue learning in the Quant Finance Academy or explore the Market Risk Modelling Course.